Causes of excessive dandruff. Laundry soap for dandruff

Dandruff is a set of causes (or syndrome) that is characterized by the accelerated process of exfoliation of skin particles (in the form of scales) over a relatively long period. Dandruff is most common on the scalp, which is covered with hair.

Dandruff should not be confused with just dry scalp. During human life, skin cells constantly die and slight flaking of the scalp is normal (about 487,000 cells per 1 cm2).

Dandruff is a common scalp condition and affects almost half of the population of different ages, gender and ethnicity.

Causes of dandruff

Dandruff typically occurs as a result of three factors or combinations thereof:

1. Improper functioning of the sebaceous glands (or seborrhea)

Seborrhea - the general concept of dandruff, is a disease. IN in a general sense, this is an imbalance of sebum production, which leads to a decrease or increase in sebum production and a change in chemical composition sebaceous secretion. This process can occur due to chronic metabolic disorders, the general condition of the immune system, age and gender, dietary habits and skin contamination.

Seborrhea is distinguished between oily (liquid and thick) and dry.

With oily liquid seborrhea, the pores are enlarged, the skin is shiny, and the hair on the head looks oiled and often sticks together in strands. The hair is covered with yellowish scales, and pustules often appear on the scalp.

With oily, thick seborrhea, the elasticity of the skin decreases, possibly causing comedones (horny plug, blackhead). The hair on the head is hard and coarse.

2.Skin infection by fungus

With reduced sebum secretion, scales abundantly cover the hair and scalp. This process is called dry seborrhea (dandruff). This phenomenon is associated with the process of activation of the fungus, which is called “Pityrosporum Ovale”, or “Malassezia Furfur”.

With good immunity, the fungus behaves stably. With severe physical and mental imbalance, with prolonged disruption of the diet, the fungus is activated, which leads to accelerated growth of epidermal cells. The period of skin exfoliation takes from 5 to 7 days (in the absence of disease, this period lasts about one month).

Consequently, a large number of, exceeding the norm, scales. If this process is accompanied by irritation of the scalp, itching and isolated areas of redness, then we can talk about seborrheic dermatitis. Hair, in this case, becomes brittle, thin and dry.

3.Individual characteristics of the body

These include the characteristics of skin secretion and its structure, hereditary predisposition and seasonal changes. Other features include the following reasons:

People with certain skin conditions, such as psoriasis and eczema, are more likely to experience dandruff than others.
Adults with Parkinson's disease and certain other neurological diseases are more likely than others to develop dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.
Patients of any age who have had heart attacks or strokes, and some people with weak immune systems, are more likely to develop dandruff than others.
Some experts believe that people who do not consume enough foods containing zinc, vitamins and certain types of fats are more prone to dandruff.
Mental stress. Many experts believe that there is a connection between frequent stress and many skin problems.
The study found that 10.6% of people with HIV are susceptible to seborrheic dermatitis.

All of the above allows us to conclude that all processes and phenomena that lead to the appearance of dandruff are manageable and controllable.

Anti-dandruff products

Fortunately, these processes can be controlled. In mild cases, it is enough to find a suitable anti-dandruff shampoo of a certain composition and stabilize your lifestyle.

In most cases, mild dandruff does not require a visit to the doctor. However, if the condition of the scalp worsens, and the use of a treatment shampoo does not bring the desired result, then you should consult a doctor. A doctor may diagnose seborrheic dermatitis or another related disease, which requires certain treatment conditions.

Most anti-dandruff products or anti-fungal shampoos (anti-dandruff shampoos) contain at least one of the following active ingredients:

Zinc pyrithione is an antibacterial agent.
Selenium sulfide – is responsible for reducing the rate of cell production.
Sulfur – helps remove dandruff flakes.
Ketoconazole is a very effective antifungal component. Most people who use products containing ketoconazole are happy with the results. Shampoo with this ingredient can be used by both young and old people.
Salicylic acid is an exfoliating agent.
Tea Tree Oil – This oil is extracted from the Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). We can say that nowadays, shampoo manufacturers are increasingly including tea tree oil in their composition. Tea tree oil is antifungal and antiseptic. However, some people may be allergic to this type of oil.

The ideal solution would be to choose a shampoo that contains two or three of the above components.

In addition to shampoos, creams are also used to combat seborrhea:

Cortisone creams – reduce inflammation. This cream can be bought without a prescription in 0.5% or 1% concentration. The cream is used twice a day, the result will appear only after a few days. This type of cream is available as a scalp lotion. Apply once a day, preferably on wet hair after washing your hair. Can be used together with medicated shampoos.
Antifungal creams. The action of such creams is aimed at reducing the number of yeast organisms living on the skin. Available over the counter are clotrimazole cream 1% and miconazole cream 2%. Antifungal creams are applied once or twice a day.

How to get rid of dandruff

Medicated dandruff shampoos, like medicated creams, should be used during the active stage of seborrhea. As the manifestation of the disease decreases, it is necessary to reduce the use of medications and, subsequently, switch to the use of everyday hygiene products. In case of the next appearance of the disease, creams and shampoos can be reused.

It may happen that if the disease reappears, the remedies that you used in previous times may now be ineffective. In this case, it will be necessary to use other shampoos and/or creams with the above components.

Basic rules for using medicated shampoos. The shampoo should be applied to damp hair and left on the scalp for about five minutes. If the shampoo is rinsed off too quickly, the active ingredients will not have enough time to work.

Basic rules for using medicinal creams (masks, lotions). Therapeutic creams are used in combination with medicated shampoos. Leave masks and lotions on the scalp for 20-30 minutes.

In parallel with the use of medicinal products, you must follow the following simple diet. The food you eat should be rich in vitamins and fiber. The diet should include fermented milk products. Consumption of fatty and sweet foods should be limited. It is also recommended to drink at least two liters of clean water daily.

Folk remedies for dandruff

Treating dandruff at home, can be as effective as treatment with expensive dandruff products.

Egg based mask. You need to beat two eggs in a small amount of warm water. Apply the resulting mixture to your hair for about ten minutes, then rinse. This procedure helps prevent dandruff.

Mask based on orange juice and aloe. You need two teaspoons of aloe juice and two teaspoons of orange juice, one egg yolk. Mix all ingredients until smooth and apply to scalp. Rinse off with warm water after 40 minutes. After using this mask, you should rinse your hair with a decoction prepared from horsetail (which can be bought at the pharmacy).

Calendula based mouthwash. Pour one tablespoon of calendula (take inflorescences) into two glasses of 80% boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. After washing your hair, rub the resulting infusion into the scalp, then put a plastic bag on your head, remove the bag after 30 minutes, do not rinse your hair. This procedure It is recommended to do it two or three times a week.

Chamomile based mouthwash. Pour two tablespoons of chamomile (inflorescences) into one liter of water and boil for five minutes. After cooling, rub the broth into the scalp.

Chamomile based rinse. Prepare an infusion of chamomile inflorescences in a ratio of 1 to 10. Wash your hair with the infusion two or three times a week, the number of procedures is from 10 to 15. This course can be repeated after two or three weeks.

Thyme based mouthwash. Pour four tablespoons of thyme into 0.5 liters of water and boil for 10 minutes. Cool the broth and strain, apply to damp hair, wetting it completely. There is no need to rinse with water. You can use it after every hair wash.

Anti-fungal rinse. One tablespoon should be dissolved in 0.5 liters of warm water sea salt. Apply the solution to clean, damp hair and rinse well after 5 minutes. Then rinse your hair in another solution (add one teaspoon of lemon juice to 0.5 liters of water).

Hair oils. Mix one tablespoon with ten tablespoons of calendula alcohol tincture (sold at the pharmacy). Use to rub into the scalp twice a day.

When using any medication, consultation with a specialist is necessary.

Seborrhea. A disease caused by disruption of the sebaceous glands.

Seborrhea affects not only the scalp, but also other parts of the body. Let's consider the main factors that cause dandruff on the scalp in women.

Heredity. Seborrhea can be genetically programmed and passed on from generation to generation.

Taking hormonal medications. Uncontrolled use of hormonal drugs for mental disorders and stress. Use of contraceptives, use of steroids during sports, drugs for weight loss.

Diseases. The presence of seborrhea indicates problems with the ovaries, the formation of a large amount of male hormones in the blood.

It may be a harbinger of neoplasms in the genitourinary system or accompany epilepsy, nervous disorders, and Parkinson's disease.

Weakened immunity. Diseases of the thyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, long-term use of medications lead to malfunctions in the body, weakening its protective functions.

Hormonal disbalance. IN childhood The glands that produce sebaceous secretions practically do not function. IN adolescence growing up and puberty occurs. The level of hormones increases, they give impetus to the activation of the sebaceous glands.

Frequent use of electric heating devices. Hair dryers, hair straighteners, curling irons and other devices, when used systematically, dry out the hair and scalp.

Incorrectly selected hair care products. Shampoos, gels, rinses must correspond to a specific hair type.

Hair coloring. No matter how much manufacturers write about the use of natural ingredients to create coloring agents, practice confirms the opposite. The chemicals that make up dyes have a negative effect on the skin.

Masks. Homemade masks using various means to improve hair growth (pepper tincture, vitamins) can do more harm than good.

Lack of knowledge and the desire to get a quick effect lead to mistakes, which can result in dandruff.

Poor nutrition. Eating fatty, smoked, fried foods, lack of vegetables and fruits, large amounts of sweets.

Stress, fatigue, heavy physical activity.

Impact of external factors. Unfavorable weather, polluted atmosphere.

Signs

Clinical signs of seborrhea. , each of which has its own clinical picture of development.

. The sebaceous glands work hard, a large amount of sebaceous secretion is produced, the skin and hair take on a shiny, oily appearance. Forming dandruff large sizes, oily, multi-layered. The sebaceous glands become clogged, bacterial infection begins, which leads to purulent inflammation of the deep layers of the skin. Complications: seborrheic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis.
. The sebaceous glands reduce sebum production. The skin dries out and cracks. Hair becomes brittle, dry, and split ends. Dandruff is fine and dry. , worse after washing hair. Complications: red skin spots on the affected area (seborrhoids), fungal skin lesions.
Seborrhea mixed type. Combines clinical signs of both types.

Clinical signs of dandruff. Skin the integument becomes dehydrated and the skin dries out. The natural cycle of separation of skin scales changes (shortens).

The update process is normal skin occurs within 30 days, with the appearance of dandruff – 7 days. Complications: hair becomes brittle and dry. Skin itches and turns red.

Important! Only a specialist can make an accurate diagnosis and distinguish a cosmetic defect from a serious disease. Do not self-medicate, consult a doctor.

What to do, who to contact?

If no one in your family had seborrhea, dandruff appeared for the first time, you can try to get rid of it.

If the symptoms intensify, there is no result from treatment, consultation with a doctor is required.

The question often arises about which doctor to contact. Everyone recommends a trichologist.

If you live in Moscow, it's worth looking for. In all other cases you should contact a dermatologist. The doctor will conduct an examination and prescribe treatment.

How to deal with dandruff in women?

Shampoos

They are used to prepare decoctions for rinsing hair.

Also very popular are lotions based on vegetable oils, berries, fruits using mustard, yeast, bee products.

Use is possible only if the diagnosis is accurately established. It is not possible to cure seborrhea with decoctions and herbs.. But you can waste time and bring the disease to a chronic state.

Complex treatment

Treatment of seborrhea (dandruff) includes a whole range of measures. It is not enough to solve the problem with the external manifestations of the disease, it is important to cure the cause of the disease.

A dermatologist, after conducting an examination and establishing an accurate diagnosis, will prescribe treatment.

Tablet antifungal medications.
Antihistamines drugs.
Topicals ( shampoos, lotions).
Preparations for stabilizing hormones.
Immunomodulators(dietary supplements, vitamin complexes).
Physiotherapy:
- laser puncture;
- electroporation;
- magnetic therapy;
- darsonvalization;
- cryo massage.

If dandruff is a result of cosmetic errors, they must be eliminated. Otherwise, the treatment will not work.

Useful video

TV show about the causes of dandruff:

Prevention

To prevent dandruff from causing you problems, you need to follow simple rules.

News healthy image life.
To refuse from bad habits.
Monitor your diet and weight.
Follow the rules of hygiene.
At the first symptoms of the disease, consult a doctor.

The rules are not complicated, and they are not difficult to follow. But your beauty and health depend on them.

Interesting Facts

According to statistics, dandruff is most often observed in young people aged 14 to 25 years.
In 1874, the French anatomist and histologist Louis Charles Malasse used a microscope to discover an unknown fungus in dandruff. This discovery made it possible to identify one of the causes of dandruff.
90% of people suffering from seborrhea and dandruff also have problems with the gastrointestinal tract ( gastrointestinal tract).
According to statistics, every second person has had problems with dandruff at least once in their life.

Structure of the skin and skin appendages

The skin serves as a barrier between the environment and the human body.

The main functions of the skin are:

thermoregulation (heat is consumed and released);
protective (protects the body from chemical and mechanical influences);
excretory (releases sebum, water and waste products);
immune (T lymphocytes and Langerhans cells fight infection in the skin);
respiratory (skin absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide);
resorption (skin is capable of absorbing various medicinal and cosmetical tools ).

The skin consists of the following layers:

epidermis;
dermis;
hypodermis ( subcutaneous fat).

Epidermis

The epidermis is the surface layer of the skin in which the continuous proliferation of new cells and keratinization of old ones occurs.

The epidermis contains the following types of cells:

keratinocytes- produce keratin;
Langerhans cells- macrophages that perform a protective function;
melanocytes- produce melanin;
Merkel cells- tactile cells.

Description of the layers of the epidermis

Layer name	Description of the layer
*Basal*	The basal layer consists of a single row of cells that are located directly at the border with the dermis. The cells of this layer are characterized by the fact that they continuously multiply, forming new skin cells. Also, the cells of the basal layer contain the pigment melanin, which determines the color of the skin, protects it from the influence of ultraviolet rays and causes the tanning effect. The existing Merkel cells in the basal layer are involved in the implementation of skin sensitivity.
*Spiky*	In the stratum spinosum, cells are arranged in three to eight rows. The peculiarity of this layer is that new skin cells formed in the basal layer are held together by cytoplasmic processes.
*Grainy*	The granular layer consists of one to five rows of tightly adjacent cells. After the spinous layer, the cells, held together by special outgrowths, begin the process of keratinization. This layer also contains epidermal macrophages - these are cells whose main function is to fight infection that gets inside the skin.
*Brilliant*	The shiny layer is observed on areas of the body such as the palms and feet, where the epidermis layer is quite dense. Also in this layer the process of keratinization of epithelial cells continues.
*Horny*	The stratum corneum is in direct contact with the environment and performs a barrier function, preventing the penetration of microbes into the skin. This layer consists of keratinized cells, tightly adjacent to each other and containing keratin ( protein substance).

Renewal of the upper layers of the skin on the head through the imperceptible exfoliation of dead cells occurs every three to four weeks, which is a normal physiological process. In people suffering from dandruff, the rate of cell death increases due to the increased production of new skin cells, that is, the process of keratinization of cells in the stratum corneum significantly increases. As a result, dead cells accumulate and their frequent exfoliation occurs. For this reason, dry dandruff develops in most cases.

Dermis

The dermis is represented by connective tissue and consists of two layers.

This layer of skin contains sebaceous glands, the strengthening of which makes it difficult to exfoliate dead cells from the surface of the skin, which can subsequently lead to the formation of dandruff. Sebum, not allowing already dead skin particles to fall off, ultimately leads to the formation of conglomerates ( stuck together pieces of keratinized skin). For this reason, oily dandruff develops in most cases.

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous fat is represented by fat deposits and connective tissue. This layer provides movable attachment of the skin to organs and tissues, and also creates additional protection for the body from mechanical damage.

Skin appendages

Skin appendages include:

Sebaceous glands. They produce a secretion - sebum, which lubricates the hair and protects the skin.
Sweat glands. They release water and breakdown products, and are also an important component in the process of thermoregulation.
Hair. They are derivatives of the epidermis and cover almost the entire body.
Nails. The nail bed covers nail plate, consisting of horny substance.

Causes of dandruff

The main reasons for the development of dandruff are:

disruption of the skin glands;
hormonal imbalance;
fungus;

Disruption of the skin glands

Disruption of the skin glands can occur due to the following reasons:

Nervous stress. Excitement provokes increased productivity of the sebaceous glands.
Heavy and fatty foods. Leads to changes in the composition of sebum.
Hot food. Hot causes a rush of blood to the stomach, which causes increased work of the sebaceous glands and skin.
Hormonal disbalance. It entails a change in the functioning of the sebaceous glands, as well as a change in the consistency of sebum.

These factors, by increasing the work of the sebaceous glands, contribute to the formation or worsening of dandruff.

Hormonal imbalance

The skin-hair complex consists of the hair follicle, sebaceous and sweat glands, which secrete lubricant ( sebum), which helps exfoliate dead skin particles. Increased androgen levels ( group of hormones produced by the testes and ovaries) in men or women provokes an increase in sebum production. These disorders lead to a change in the quality of sebum, which ceases to be fluid and becomes thicker.

Thick sebum provokes the gluing of keratinized skin particles, preventing them from falling off, which subsequently leads to their exfoliation in layers ( dandruff).
Impaired secretion and changes in the consistency of sebum can lead to the development of a disease such as seborrhea.

The following symptoms may occur with seborrhea:

itching of the scalp;
rashes on the skin in the form of redness, covered with oily or dry scales that are capable of merging;
pustules on the scalp.

Seborrhea can also be caused by:

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
endocrine disorders;
hypovitaminosis;
the presence of chronic foci of infection in the body.

Fungus

Human skin is covered with an invisible water-lipid lubricant that has an acidic environment. This lubricant protects the body from many microbes that sit on the surface of the skin, destroying them. However, if these microbes get into the skin, the rejection process begins, that is, the body begins to intensively produce sebum. This protective mechanism makes it difficult for scales to peel off from the surface of the skin, which subsequently leads to dandruff.

When increasing sebum production, fungi play an important role ( Pityrosporum Ovale), which normally live on the surface of the skin, during this period they begin to multiply and grow with greater intensity. The sensitivity of the scalp becomes aggravated to the waste products of the fungus, which ultimately leads to fungal infection of the skin. Subsequently, fungi, covered with sebum and dead scales, form plaques, which, when peeled off, cause itching and constant dandruff.

Normally, 45% of the fungal flora is located on the surface of a person’s head, but if the sebaceous glands are disrupted, this figure can increase to 70%.

It should be noted that these fungi have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the skin, since they participate in maintaining its microflora, protecting against the penetration of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Fungi also maintain normal pH ( acid-base balance) skin.

Skin diseases

Dandruff, for example, may be early sign psoriasis. This disease is autoimmune and consists in the fact that one’s own immune cells ( macrophages) affect the superficial layers of the skin, causing their necrosis. This phenomenon causes the skin to peel off in large layers in the form of dandruff. However, there are differences that make it possible to quickly determine the presence of psoriasis in a person, for example, the appearance of reddish psoriatic plaques.

Predisposing factors

There are also predisposing factors that can trigger the development of dandruff.

Endogenous factors:

vitamin deficiency ( for example, lack of vitamin A);
decrease in the body's defenses ( for example, after suffering an acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI));
intestinal dysbiosis ( for example, after treatment with antibiotics);
genetic predisposition ( if parents have dandruff).

Exogenous factors:

washing your hair daily with the wrong shampoo ( the natural lubricant that coats the scalp is washed away);
Regular use of a hair dryer with hot air leads to dry skin ( The hair dryer should be kept at a distance of 30 cm from the hair and use a gentle mode);
frequent stress ( provoke the work of the sebaceous glands);
smoking ( chemicals found in tobacco help weaken the body's defenses);
lack of vitamins and minerals in the body ( can lead to dry skin or increased activity of the sebaceous glands);
chronic fatigue ( leads to weakened immunity);
frequent hair coloring ( leads to damage and development of dry skin).

In which areas is dandruff most likely to appear?

Most often, dandruff appears on the scalp in the occipital-parietal region, since in this place there is an increased secretion of sebum. Also, the occurrence of dandruff in this area may be due to an increase in the population of the fungus Pityrosporum Ovale. This fungus is opportunistic and is asymptomatic on the skin of most people ( in those places where the greatest accumulation of sebaceous glands occurs).

Dandruff can also be observed in the following areas:

brows;
eyelashes;
armpit;
pubis.

What is dandruff?

Dandruff is made up of dead skin cells that appear as greyish-white flakes due to excessive exfoliation.

Normally, within a month, a certain number of skin cells die off in a person. In people suffering from dandruff, this process occurs much more often, approximately every ten days. This occurs due to a decrease or, conversely, an increase in sebum production.

Depending on the type of hair, dandruff is usually divided into two types:

dry dandruff;
oily dandruff.

Dry dandruff

Oily dandruff

Dandruff treatment

Currently, there is a wide range of drugs for dandruff, however, it should be noted that this type of product must be selected individually, depending on the clinical picture and the cause of the development of dandruff.

The products used in the masks presented below have the following healing properties:

Egg yolk contains beta keratin, rich in fatty acids that deeply nourish and moisturize the scalp.
Olive oil nourishes and moisturizes the skin.
Lemon juice stabilizes the functioning of the sebaceous glands and the acid-base balance, and also has a keratolytic effect, helping to exfoliate dead skin particles.
Kefir. Kefir contains vitamins B, A, calcium and protein, which moisturize and nourish the scalp, and also strengthen the hair roots.
Castor oil moisturizes and strengthens hair, promotes skin exfoliation.

To prepare the mask you need to take one egg yolk, a tablespoon olive oil, one teaspoon of honey and one teaspoon lemon juice. All ingredients must be thoroughly mixed and then rubbed into the scalp along the parting lines. After applying the mask, the head should be covered with a cap and kept for forty minutes, after which it is necessary to wash the hair. It is recommended to use this mask twice a week for one month.

To prepare the mask you will need four tablespoons of kefir, one tablespoon of olive oil and one egg yolk. All ingredients must be mixed thoroughly, then apply the resulting product to the scalp ( before washing your hair) and leave for an hour and a half. This mask should be used twice a week for one and a half to two months.

Add one tablespoon of castor oil and lemon juice to two egg yolks, then mix thoroughly. The prepared mask should be applied to the scalp ( before washing your hair) for one hour twice a week. The duration of treatment is one to one and a half months.

Lotions

It is necessary to mix salicylic acid ( two grams), Castor oil (five grams) and vodka ( one hundred grams). The prepared lotion should be applied to the scalp for one and a half to two hours before washing your hair. This remedy should be used every other day until complete recovery.
Birch tar ( five grams), Castor oil ( ten grams) and vodka ( one hundred grams) should be mixed and applied to the skin two hours before washing your hair. This lotion should be used two to three times a week until complete recovery.

These products will help eliminate oiliness, itchy scalp, and will also help exfoliate the skin.

Decoctions

Name of the decoction	Therapeutic effect	Cooking method	Application
*Beet juice*	rich in vitamin C, beta-carotene, reduces inflammation	It is necessary to boil the beets, after which you should rinse your hair with the resulting beet juice.	This decoction should be used two to three times a week for a month.
*Nettle decoction*	contains vitamin A and E, strengthens hair, normalizes the functioning of the sebaceous glands	Add two tablespoons of dry nettle to 400 ml of hot water and place on low heat for fifteen to twenty minutes. After cooking, the broth must be strained and cooled.	You should rinse your hair with the prepared product after washing your hair twice a week. The duration of treatment is one to two months.
*Calendula decoction*	eliminates dandruff, strengthens hair, reduces hair oiliness	Two tablespoons of calendula should be poured into 400 ml of hot water, then put on low heat for fifteen minutes. After cooking, the resulting broth must be filtered and cooled.	You should rinse your hair with the prepared decoction after washing your hair once or twice a week for one to one and a half months.

Prevention of dandruff

The following methods for preventing dandruff are distinguished:

hygiene of the scalp;
protection of the scalp from the effects of high and low temperatures;
diet and drinking plenty of fluids;
preventing stress and strengthening the immune system.

Scalp hygiene

To maintain skin and hair hygiene, the following recommendations must be followed:

remember that such items and personal belongings as a comb, washcloth, and hats are intended exclusively for individual use;
it is necessary to keep all personal hygiene items clean and replace them as they wear out;
shampoos and cosmetics should be selected according to hair type;
It is recommended to wash your hair as soon as it gets dirty;
It is not recommended to wash your hair with very hot water, as heat promotes increased sebum production;
When drying hair, it is necessary to set the devices to a gentle mode ( warm air).

As a preventative measure, it is recommended to use the following anti-dandruff remedies:

Shampoo Nizoral. This product contains an antifungal agent ( ketoconazole).

Note: Any preventative shampoos should be used no more than once every two weeks.

Sulsena paste 2%. The paste contains a sulfur compound, as well as useful additives, which normalizes the function of fat secretion of the skin. The paste must be rubbed in in a circular motion into the roots of the hair. After a ten-minute break, the product should be washed off with warm water. The procedure is recommended to be carried out once a week.

Note: Before applying the paste, your hair should be washed with shampoo.

Protecting the scalp from the effects of high and low temperatures

Heat and direct sunlight, as well as cold, negatively affect the condition of the scalp, thereby provoking the occurrence of dandruff. As a preventative measure in this case, it is recommended to wear seasonal hats.

Diet and drinking plenty of fluids

High-quality and nutritious nutrition plays a key role in the prevention of many skin diseases, including the manifestation of dandruff.

To avoid any pathological changes For the skin, it is recommended to consume foods that contain sufficient amounts of vitamins and minerals.

Vitamins and minerals	Food	Having an effect
*Vitamin B6*	walnuts fish, liver, bananas	Protects the skin from adverse effects from outside environment and also help moisturize the skin.
*Vitamin PP*	cheese, tomatoes, cabbage	Restores protective functions skin.
*Zinc*	nuts, seeds, beef	Participates in the process of skin cell renewal.
*Calcium*	legumes, greens, dairy and fermented milk products	Participates in the secretion of sebaceous glands With a lack of calcium, skin elasticity decreases.

It is also necessary to reduce the intake of foods that can contribute to dandruff. For example, fatty, sweet, spicy and salty foods.

As for drinking plenty of fluids, this is explained by the fact that a sufficient amount of fluid entering the body helps normalize metabolism.

Preventing stress and strengthening the immune system

Weak immunity and stressful situations can negatively affect the functioning of the sebaceous glands, as well as the quality of the skin, making it drier. These factors can contribute to the development of dandruff. Based on this, you should avoid stressful situations and, if possible, spend as much free time as possible in the fresh air.

Dandruff implies a syndrome, the manifestations of which are an increase in the rate of detachment of scaly particles from the skin within a certain time period. Dandruff, the symptoms of which are the appearance of characteristic white scales on the scalp combined with itching, is a fairly common disease that, despite its own health safety, acts as a cause of serious inconvenience and deterioration in the quality of life.

general description

Most dandruff appears on the scalp, which is covered with abundant hair. In certain cases, it is quite difficult to cure it completely, and, nevertheless, most often this phenomenon is subject to some control through appropriate measures. For example, mild forms of dandruff necessitate thorough washing of the hair, which must be done daily and using non-aggressive and mild shampoo. If dandruff manifests itself in a more persistent form, then shampoos with a medicinal effect specially designed to combat it are used.

What does dandruff look like? This question, probably, is not a question for many readers, because both advertising and the prevalence of this phenomenon - all this gives a general idea of dandruff and its type. However, we will define what exactly dandruff is, and it consists of yellow-white scales. In addition to the already noted itching, this phenomenon is also accompanied by the appearance of hair dullness and fragility. Hair also becomes shiny and oily. Such a phenomenon as dandruff can act as a result of a number of diseases, namely seborrhea, fungal skin lesions, psoriasis. Dandruff can be triggered by nervous tension or a deficiency of certain vitamins (groups A, B).

Additional factors that provoke the appearance of dandruff are improper hair care, certain types of gastrointestinal disorders, and certain types of diseases. It is dandruff that acts as a common cause of hair loss, which is why, accordingly, upon any consideration, it becomes a serious cosmetic defect in terms of its own effects.

Dandruff: causes

The main reason for the appearance of dandruff is considered to be an altered condition of the scalp, provoked by too intense growth of the corresponding fungal culture. We are talking about the fungus malassezia furfur, it is an optional sample of the microflora of the scalp. If adequate conditions are provided, the vital activity of this fungus is not accompanied by the manifestation of any symptoms. But absolutely any factors can be considered as predisposing factors for its activation, including their options listed in the general discussion. That is, such factors are considered to be disturbances in the functioning of the sebaceous glands, nutritional disorders, hormonal imbalances for one reason or another (menopause, puberty, pregnancy, etc.).

In many cases, the causes of dandruff come down to purely external influences on the hair and scalp. That is, this is the wrong selection of hair care products, perm hair, frequent coloring, blow-drying, products used for hairstyles (gels, varnishes, etc.). A shift in microflora can also be caused by neglecting to wear hats during the cold season, as well as, conversely, wearing them excessively.

Again, gastrointestinal diseases, bronchopulmonary pathologies, and decreased immunity can lead to activation of the fungus. The activity of this fungus leads to a change in the development cycle inherent in epidermal cells, which causes them to exfoliate without completing the cycle, which, in turn, leads to the appearance of characteristic light-colored scales. The concentration of dandruff is dictated by the characteristics of the activity of the fungus, therefore both the option of localizing it within a certain area of the head and total damage to its skin is allowed.

Let us highlight separately a number of reasons that provoke the appearance of dandruff.

Fungus exposure malassezia furfur. We dwelled on this factor that provokes the appearance of dandruff above; it is one of the main ones in considering the causes of dandruff.
Dry skin. Excessive dry skin is one of the most common causes of dandruff. This factor causes the predominant appearance of dandruff in winter time, which is characterized by additional features that cause dry skin, and this is less fluid consumption, the use of heating equipment, radiators (including dry air as a result of this), and constant drying of hair using a hairdryer. It is noteworthy that when dandruff appears against the background of excessive dry skin, its flakes are smaller in size, they are not as sticky and greasy as in other forms of its manifestation.
Oily skin, irritated skin condition. As common cause, which provokes the persistent appearance of large dandruff, is considered a disease such as seborrheic dermatitis. This disease affects not only the scalp area, but also the skin in other areas, within which the sebaceous glands are also located. In particular, this can be the eyebrows, the areas behind the ears, the paranasal areas, the sternum and groin area, sometimes even the muscle cavities are affected, where dandruff can also appear.
Rarely wash your hair. If your hair is washed infrequently or incorrectly, this leads to the accumulation of dead skin cells on the scalp, which, in turn, mix with oil. As a result, dandruff appears in the form of large flakes.
Psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic disease that causes the top cell layer of the skin to divide too quickly. Because of this, dead skin cells begin to accumulate in large quantities at the very roots of the hair, which, in turn, form thick scales of a silvery hue (this is large silvery dandruff). Mainly due to the effects of psoriasis, the skin in the elbows, knees and torso is affected, while the scalp is affected, on the contrary, somewhat less frequently.
Increased sensitivity to the effects of hair care products. Here, again, we have already highlighted styling products, hair dyes, shampoos and other options. It should be noted that if styling products are used too often, this provokes the appearance of dandruff. If dandruff is the result of an allergic reaction to the use of these products, then refusing subsequent use or choosing an alternative product to ensure an appropriate result can all lead to the disappearance of dandruff in the patient.

Risk factors causing dandruff
In addition to the reasons that provoke the appearance of dandruff, it is also customary to highlight a number of factors due to which a similar result is achieved. These include the following options:

Age. It has been noticed that dandruff mainly appears at a young age and this result persists until reaching middle age. Meanwhile, this trend does not at all determine the fact that at an older age there will be no dandruff. Dandruff in children is a phenomenon generally not typical for this age group.
Gender. Dandruff in men appears more often than dandruff in women, on the basis of which certain assumptions have been formed about it, which in particular come down to the role of male sex hormones in the process of its appearance. Again, given the fact that in men the sebaceous glands are located large sizes than the sebaceous glands in women, then this feature is considered as a predisposing factor to the appearance of dandruff in men.
Nutritional features. Insufficient intake of certain vitamin groups, as well as zinc and unsaturated fats, all lead to an increased risk of dandruff.
Some diseases. It is difficult to justify this factor, but it has been noted that in certain neurological diseases (Parkinson's disease, etc.), when experiencing stressful conditions (with concomitant heart attack, stroke), a greater degree of predisposition to the development of seborrheic dermatitis is determined, and, as a consequence, to the appearance of dandruff. Immunodeficiency conditions also cause dandruff.

Dandruff: symptoms. Difference when compared with seborrhea

Dandruff and seborrhea are usually generalized, but there is a difference between them; to understand it, we will reveal the essence of both options.

Dandruff, as we, in principle, have already defined, refers to flaking in the area of the scalp, in some cases accompanied by itching, and sometimes by dryness of the skin. Considering that dandruff is one of the main symptoms of seborrhea, they are often associated with each other, although, again, this is not entirely true. Dandruff, for example, can exist independently, acting as a physiological (normal) condition of the scalp, manifesting itself mainly from the occipital-parietal area in the form of small characteristic scales.

But seborrhea is a somewhat more serious condition in which the scalp is subject to change. In particular, its functional state changes, which consists of a secretory disruption of the functions performed by the sebaceous glands. This leads to increased secretion of sebum, as well as a change in its qualitative composition. The manifestation of seborrhea is noted in those areas in which the sebaceous glands are located, and this is the face, top part chest, interscapular area and, in fact, the scalp. It is in the scalp that the most pronounced changes are observed, which are also accompanied by the appearance of large numbers of large-plate scales. Their formation is caused by excessive oiliness of the skin, due to which particles of keratinized skin stick together into plates. Hair also changes with seborrhea, becoming greasy and shiny, it quickly becomes dirty, sticking together in strands. Increased sebum secretion, which provokes such changes, occurs especially intensely with increased physical and mental activity, with elevated temperature body and air, as well as during excitement.

Seborrhea begins mainly during the period of hormonal changes in the body, which is important, for example, during puberty, but this does not exclude the possibility of its occurrence in other periods of life. Seborrhea can be oily, dry or mixed. Oily seborrhea is characterized by such a main feature as shiny and oily skin; another, no less unpleasant complication of this disease is acne. Dry seborrhea, on the contrary, is characterized by reduced sebum secretion, combined with an almost continuous covering of the scalp and hair with dandruff flakes. In this case, the hair is thin, dry, split and brittle. In addition, the dry form of seborrhea is often accompanied by spots on the skin of the limbs and torso of a reddish or pinkish tint. Additional manifestations may include some itching (especially worse after washing), a feeling of tightness of the skin. Dry seborrhea is sometimes accompanied by minor manifestations in the form of dryness and flaking, which is why it is confused with dandruff; moreover, even an experienced dermatologist in some cases experiences difficulty in establishing a correct diagnosis that corresponds to the patient’s condition.

As for mixed seborrhea, it manifests itself in a combined form, with the symptoms of dry seborrhea (in the scalp) and with the symptoms of oily seborrhea noted on the facial skin.

Treatment

Diagnosing dandruff itself is quite simple, but it is much more difficult to determine what exactly served as the trigger for its activation. Taking this into account, in some cases it is quite difficult to get rid of dandruff; the process can take a long time. If dandruff manifests itself in a mild form, without connection with any dermatological or neurological disease, then the elimination of dandruff in this case occurs by influencing the level of oiliness of the scalp through daily washing of the scalp using a mild shampoo (when replacing the previously used option), as well as by adjusting your lifestyle. Adjusting your lifestyle involves limiting the consumption of certain types of food (fatty, fried, spicy), including foods rich in fiber and vitamins (group B) in the diet.

In the case of an actual violation of the water balance, which acts as the main reason provoking the appearance of dandruff, this problem is solved by increasing the volume of fluid consumption ( mineral water, tea, juices, etc.). It is also possible to determine such a connection - it is usually accompanied by severe dry skin, combined with peeling.

Treatment of dandruff also implies the elimination of exposure caused by hairdressing procedures, including blow-drying. Additionally, it is recommended to use combs based on natural wood when replacing them periodically due to their increased absorption of sebum. Additionally, medications are prescribed that are aimed at solving the problem of dandruff. These drugs contain special antifungal components. It is quite possible that it will also take a long time to select an anti-dandruff shampoo - this is a question that is decided individually, based specifically on the factor of whether it is suitable in a particular case or not.

There is also a certain classification of anti-dandruff shampoos; let’s highlight the main positions in it:

Anti-dandruff shampoos with zinc. This type of shampoo contains an antifungal and antibacterial substance in its composition - zinc pyrithione, due to its effect, the amount of fungus that provokes the development of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff is reduced.
Tar shampoos. Due to shampoos that contain coal tar, the rate of exfoliation and subsequent renewal of skin cells on the scalp is reduced; accordingly, such shampoos are quite effective means in the fight against dandruff. The effectiveness of their use is noted in the treatment of psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis.
Shampoos with salicylic acid. These shampoos include “scalp scrubs,” which help eliminate the forming dandruff particles. The use of such shampoos requires taking into account such a factor as significant drying of the scalp, which they provoke, due to which, accordingly, dandruff may also appear in the future. This effect can be compensated for by the parallel use of a high-quality conditioner, applied immediately after washing your hair.
Shampoos with selenium sulfide. This type of shampoo reduces the intensity of the process of renewal of skin cells along the scalp; in addition, they can also have a corresponding suppressive effect aimed at reducing the number of malassezia fungus. Such shampoos must be used with caution, because their effects can lead to discoloration of gray, colored or blond hair. It is also important to thoroughly rinse your hair after washing it and generally follow the instructions for use.
Shampoos with ketoconazole. Ketoconazole acts as an active antifungal component with a fairly wide spectrum of action. Using a shampoo with such a component makes it possible to achieve an effective result in cases in which previously used anti-dandruff shampoos did not lead to any specific result.

If the use of shampoo in the fight against dandruff does not, in principle, lead to a solution to the problem, and also if there are certain internal diseases that cause dandruff to appear, physiotherapy procedures may be prescribed.

During procedures cryomassage , for example, there is a consistent effect on the vessels of the scalp, due to which they alternately narrow and expand, resulting in improved microcirculation and adequate nutrition of the follicles. In addition, through cryomassage it is also possible to increase local immunity, which is why it is possible to block the effects of the fungus and the manifestation of symptoms that are relevant for dandruff. By the way, after cryomassage, medicinal preparations applied to the skin to combat dandruff are absorbed with greater efficiency, and therefore the results from their use are also subsequently more pronounced.

Also indicated for dandruff darsonvalization scalp when using a vacuum comb electrode. Due to skin irritation at the reflex level, vascular tone improves, which, in turn, leads to improved metabolism. Due to the high-frequency current, it is possible to cleanse the skin of dandruff, and also has a cauterizing and anti-inflammatory effect, and this is especially important, because dandruff is often accompanied by the appearance of scratches and scratches. Darsonvalization also has a calming effect on the nervous system.

Created 01/08/2013

Like most other skin diseases, dandruff requires timely diagnosis, properly selected treatment and further measures to prevent recurrence.

Dandruff is also called seborrhea and can be dry or oily, and depending on the type of dandruff, dermatologists prescribe appropriate treatment.

Dandruff is formed as a result of too rapid and uneven renewal of the upper stratum corneum of the skin. Dead, keratinized cells accumulate on the surface of the scalp, forming dandruff flakes.

Dandruff affects many people and its causes can vary.

The main causes of seborrhea, or simply put, dandruff, are improper care of the scalp, high nervous excitability, lack of rest, poor nutrition, allergies, dysfunction of the sebaceous glands, hormonal imbalance, poor ventilation of the scalp (constant wearing of hats).

In addition, bacteria and fungi can cause dandruff. Every person has them and are part of the natural flora of the scalp. But under any adverse influence, these organisms begin to multiply intensively and this leads to the appearance of dandruff.

Unlike the cause, you can easily determine the type of dandruff without a specialist:

If you experience severe itching, thickening of the scalp and rapid contamination of the hair, and oily large flakes appear, then you have oily dandruff. It may also be accompanied acne on the face and thinning hair. Agree, the mixture is creepy.

Oily dandruff mainly appears for the same reasons as dry dandruff, but its treatment is more complex and almost impossible without a specialist.

If oily dandruff appears due to internal problems in the body, then no anti-dandruff remedies will help. They will only improve the condition of the scalp for a while. Do not self-medicate and consult a specialist.

If your scalp appears red, itchy and dry, then you have dry dandruff.

Most people suffer from dry dandruff. They buy expensive shampoos supposedly against dandruff, but the problem does not go away. Dandruff is not that easy to deal with. We need an accurate diagnosis of the causes complex treatment and proper care.

Dry dandruff can occur with or without hair loss.

Dry dandruff with hair loss

This type of dandruff is abundant and is accompanied by thin, dry and split hair. The causes may be a violation of the secretion of the sebaceous glands, neuroendocrine disorders (diseases of the endocrine system, stress, etc.), dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, vitamin deficiency or an unbalanced diet.

Dry dandruff without hair loss

The cause of this type of dandruff may be sensitive scalp (allergic contact dermatitis), hypovitaminosis.

If allergic dermatitis was caused as a result of chemical exposure (washing your hair with inappropriate shampoo, perming, hair dyeing), then “dandruff crusts” may form on the scalp, accompanied by severe itching. Such dandruff, if the body’s condition has not worsened, will go away in about two weeks after using medicinal neutralizing agents.

But scalp sensitivity can also be associated with poor health. These may include problems with the gastrointestinal tract and neuroendocrine disorders.

How to get rid of oily dandruff

Use an anti-dandruff shampoo with an exfoliating effect, combining it with medicinal preparations for oily skin heads.

After washing, rinse your hair with a decoction of a mixture of herbs: St. John's wort, sage, calendula, oregano, nettle, burdock, hops (3: 3: 3: 2: 4: 3: 2).

Try to wash your hair more often, eat a balanced diet and provide your body with enough vitamins.

It will be useful to undergo several special head massage sessions.

How to get rid of dry dandruff

For dry dandruff with hair loss, you need to use an anti-dandruff shampoo with an exfoliating effect in combination with medicinal dandruff medications that moisturize the scalp.

If you have dry dandruff without hair loss, then you need to use a special shampoo and moisturizing and soothing treatments. sensitive skin heads.

Before washing your hair, rub a little rosehip oil, castor oil or burdock oil into your scalp.

After washing your hair, use an infusion of chamomile, St. John's wort or sage to rinse.

But keep in mind that frequent use of shampoo, especially with harsh chemicals such as lauryl sulfate, can lead to irritation and dryness of the scalp, which will cause more dandruff.

When shampooing, leave the anti-dandruff shampoo on your hair for 5 minutes before rinsing.

There is no need to panic immediately when itching and dandruff appear. Try folk recipes for dandruff, change shampoo, perhaps more than once, if there is no effect. Try to bring your moral state to calm and harmony. And if after this the dandruff does not go away, then it is already necessary to seek help from a doctor.