How to check a urine test at home. General urine analysis: collection rules, indicators and interpretation of results

Indicator Value Units
(COL) - Light yellow Yellow, straw yellow Amber yellow, rich yellow Dark yellow Dark yellow with a green tint Dark brown Dark, almost black Brown “Beer” color “Meat slop” color Red Pink Orange Greenish-yellowish Whitish Milky Pale, colorless Blue/green Gray or dirty brown
(CLA) - Full transparency Partial transparency Cloudy
- Mild specific ammonia Strong stench Rotting apples (acetone)
(SG)

(pH) - pH less than 5.0 (acidic) pH 5.0 – 7.0 (acidic, slightly acidic, neutral) pH more than 7.0 (alkaline)
(PRO) - Not detected (or no more than 0.033 g/l) Detected
(GLU)
(KET)
(BIL) - Not detected Detected
(UBG) - Not detected. Traces detected in the morning portion. More than normal detected.
(BLD) - Not detected Detected
- 0-3 in the field of view Increased content
- Single in the preparation Increased content
- Not detected Detected
(WBC, LEU)

in sight
(RBC)
(RBC) - 0-2 in the field of view Increased content
- Not detected Hyaline (1-2 in the preparation) Hyaline (3 or more) Granular Waxy Erythrocyte Leukocyte Epithelial Cylinders
- Not detected In small quantities Increased content
- Not detected Detected
- Not detected Detected
- Not detected Detected
- Not detected Detected

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For getting reliable results For urine analysis, you need to be well prepared for the analysis and collect the material correctly. It is advisable to purchase a special sterile container for urine analysis and thoroughly clean the external genitalia before collecting urine. It is especially important to prepare for a urine test during pregnancy.

Decoding a urine test online will help you decipher your analysis before visiting a doctor, understand the indicators of a urine test, and also obtain information on each indicator of the analysis. When deciphering a urine test during pregnancy, the results are described taking into account pregnancy, and the results are also adjusted depending on age, that is, when deciphering a child’s urine test, a special result is given for children. The norms for urine analysis must be looked at on the form of the laboratory where the analysis was done, because in the urine analysis.

In order to prevent the undesirable impact of adverse factors associated with a trip to the clinic for testing, today it is possible to take tests at home. Nowadays, performing blood tests at home is quite simple. Urine is the most accessible test for testing at home. To carry out the analysis in the morning, immediately after sleep, you need to collect 100–200 ml of urine in a clean glass container and examine it carefully. Traditionally, the main material for testing is blood and urine. And just as traditionally, many people believe that tests can be done once every five years, or even less often.

The key to successful treatment of most diseases is their early diagnosis, but many diseases at the initial stage are asymptomatic. However, the human body is already beginning to send “distress signals”, which can only be recognized based on the results of a comprehensive diagnostic analysis. It's no secret that most of us don't like visiting hospitals, especially getting tested. Standing in a long line for a referral, then getting tested, waiting for the result and then going back to the clinic to get it - not everyone, even a healthy person, can handle this. The Biosensor AN company offers a unique alternative solution - diagnostic rapid tests. With them, you can carry out diagnostics yourself, without leaving your home, and get results almost instantly!

Diagnostics using the “dry chemistry” method, that is, using biochemical test strips, is considered the fastest and most effective in modern medicine. For decades, this method has been used by specialists in clinical diagnostic laboratories and medical institutions around the world, and today it is available to you! Wherever you are - at home, at work or on vacation - express tests developed by the research and production company Biosensor AN will come to your aid.

Test strips are available in two types: mono- and multifunctional. The first are aimed at identifying one substance in biological fluids of the body (blood, urine, saliva), while others make it possible to determine a whole range of substances. Express test "Uripolian-11A" is intended for complex analysis. Just a minute after using it, you can easily determine the content of glucose, ketone bodies, occult blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, leukocytes, ascorbic acid and protein in the urine, as well as the relative density and pH level.

Diagnostic test strips will help patients with kidney or heart failure, urolithiasis and other acute or chronic diseases - anyone who needs an urgent and accurate urine test. And for diabetics, this is simply an indispensable assistant, because with their help it is so easy and convenient to monitor the level of glucose in the blood and urine - it’s easier!

Researchers who developed diagnostic technology based on the principle of “dry chemistry” managed to achieve unique characteristics of the Biosensor AN company’s products. Test strips have maximum sensitivity and accuracy of determination, and this is a guarantee of reliability and reliability of the result.

At the same time, the use of rapid tests from Biosensor AN does not require special knowledge and skills; they are safe, convenient and easy to use. To get reliable results, simply read the instructions carefully and follow all directions.

Man is a rational being, so he is quite capable of listening to his body, observing any changes and responding to them in a timely manner. Various self-diagnosis methods also come to the rescue. As in any clinical laboratory, the main diagnostic material is urine and blood. And if special test strips are required to test blood at home, then doing a urine test on your own without special instruments and chemical reagents is much easier, the main thing is to stock up on certain knowledge and skills.

Humanity learned to examine urine many centuries ago; at that time one could not even dream of using any kind of equipment, but based on the state of urine one could assume the presence of a particular disease. For example, there is one diagnostic method that today causes a smile, but there is still no doubt about its accuracy. Back in the Middle Ages, doctors used urine to diagnose diabetes mellitus; for this, a portion of urine was poured into a plate and placed in the place where it was Free access before flies, if insects actively took a fancy to the plate, then the doctor was naturally one hundred percent sure that his patient had high sugar. The method, of course, has long been outdated and looks quite absurd in our eyes, but it still has a place and confirms its informative basis. Yes, sure full picture it cannot be obtained with its help, but it is quite possible to assume an illness, which means promptly contacting the clinic for further in-depth examination.

Technique for performing urine analysis at home

To carry out self-diagnosis of urine, you must follow certain rules; they are elementary, so performing them is not difficult.

First of all, on the eve of the study, after seventeen hours, you should completely stop eating foods that affect the color of urine - chocolate, coffee, asparagus, beets, carrots, citrus fruits, alcohol. In addition, you should refrain from taking medications that also affect the color of urine.

The next important point is what kind of urine needs to be collected. Remember that the most informative is the portion of urine that formed after midnight. Therefore, morning urine is taken for analysis.

To do this, you need to take clean glassware. At least two hundred milliliters of urine will be required.

Urine, at home, is analyzed according to three main parameters: color, smell, and the presence of impurities in it.

The urine of a healthy person emits a mild, specific odor; the entire surface is evenly covered with a small layer of foam. There is sediment, but it is minimal and falls evenly to the bottom of the dish. Also, when visually examining a fresh portion of urine, it is easy to notice that the steam disappears from the edges of the container, and the liquid itself acquires a transparent structure of a light yellow hue.

If a person begins to have pathological changes in the functioning of the liver and gallbladder, then the color of the urine will be saturated yellow, besides, immediately after collecting it there will be a lot of fine yellow foam, which will disappear very quickly.

Foam resembling saliva is a sign pathological changes in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

Red urine indicates a blood disorder.

Let us note some diseases that can be predicted by the color of urine:

  • diabetes, with which the urine is colorless;
  • purulent processes color the urine greenish-yellow;
  • diabetes mellitus, nephrosclerosis – milky white;
  • for jaundice, typhus, cholera - green, dirty blue, blue;
  • fever, increased sweating– orange;
  • hematuria, urine colored red or pink;
  • obstructive jaundice, excretion of bile pigments in the urine turns urine dark yellow;
  • bilirubinuria, porphyrinuria – brown;
  • malanosis, alkaptonuria – black-brown urine.

If there is a strong unpleasant odor of urine, one should assume a strong inflammatory process in organism. The symptom should never be ignored; it must be further confirmed in the laboratory, since the body needs immediate medical attention.

If the urine has an ammonia smell, then most likely cystitis has developed in the body.

A putrid odor is characteristic of gangrenous processes in the organs of the urinary system.

A fecal “flavor” is present when there is a history of vesico-rectal fistula.

A fruity smell is characteristic of diabetes.

However, it is worth remembering that the strong foul odor of urine can also be the result of eating horseradish, garlic, or asparagus. Therefore, during diagnosis, as mentioned above, they should be excluded.

Sediment in the urine can be examined after a day. Its presence indicates that the person has kidney problems.

The container with urine must be placed (it must be glass) in a cool place, the air temperature is between eighteen and twenty degrees per day. In the morning next day You can safely begin to analyze your health status based on whether salt crystals have formed on the walls of the jar with urine and what kind they are. So, remember:

  • white sediment at the bottom of the container indicates the presence of carbonates in the urine;
  • the formation in urine in the form of a “cloud” indicates the presence of mucus in it; after a day it precipitates, in which white crystals in the shape of rods are clearly visible - these are phosphates, and large crystals are tripel phosphates. All of them belong to alkaline salts;
  • crystals of a reddish or yellowish color with a characteristic shine on the walls are urates, uric acid salts;
  • dark red and black are oxalates.

A magnifying glass and a table lamp are perfect tools to use.

The described method does not require absolutely any financial costs or specific equipment. All you need to know is the basic urine parameters that are characteristic of a healthy body, as well as how they change as a result of the development of pathology.

It is important to understand that successful treatment largely depends on early and correct diagnosis of the disease. Unfortunately, in most cases, humanity seeks help only when unpleasant symptoms significantly worsen life, and does not care about preventive examinations and diagnostics. But in vain. Today, many pharmaceutical companies offer special test strips that allow you to detect abnormalities without leaving your home. They allow you to save a lot of precious time and, more importantly, promptly predict developing pathology.

Test strips are available in two types: mono and multifunctional. They are used to study urine, saliva, and blood. Monofunctional ones detect only one substance in the liquid being tested, while multifunctional ones detect a whole spectrum.

Test strips are quite easy to use; they can be used to determine the presence of glucose in urine, ketone bodies, occult blood, bilirubin, nitrites, protein, acidity level, density and other indicators.

Test strips are an urgent test at home; they are a godsend for people with diabetes, kidney and heart failure, acute and chronic illnesses. They do not require special knowledge and skills, and are absolutely safe, convenient and simple. All you need to do is go to the nearest pharmacy, buy a test, carefully read the instructions, and then follow what is written and do the analysis.

A huge number of laboratory tests have now been developed, on the basis of which the condition of the body is assessed, the disease is diagnosed, or the effectiveness of treatment is determined. Urine pH (acidity) is one of the indicators that characterizes the function of the urinary system and indicates the presence of pathology.

When diagnosing gout or uric acid diathesis, urine acidity plays a key role. Determination of urine pH is a standard screening test performed during a medical examination or upon admission to a hospital inpatient department.

This test is part of a general urine test, which, in addition to the acidity level of urine, takes into account the quantity, color, density, presence of cellular elements, proteins and salt crystals.

What is urine acidity

During the process of metabolism in the human body, many things happen chemical reactions necessary for growth, development and maintenance of life.

For all these reactions to occur, a certain acid-base state must be maintained in the circulatory system and intracellular space.

This is done through various biochemical buffer systems and the release of metabolic products into the environment. The organs responsible for the disposal of by-products include the liver, lungs, skin and kidneys.

The kidneys are the most important organ of excretion, since the urine they produce contains nitrogen-containing compounds. These substances, accumulating in the body, can have a detrimental effect on the brain, heart and other vital organs.

In addition, urine is an excellent indicator indicating many changes occurring in the body.

The kidneys have a functional unit called the nephron, which produces urine through ultrafiltration of blood. What is acidity?

If we perceive urine as an inorganic solution, then it will contain a huge amount of salts, acids, alkalis and free ions that got there during filtration in the renal nephrons. The pH of urine depends on the number of unbonded hydrogen atoms.

With an increase in free H+, the acidic properties of urine will be more pronounced. This means that the higher the level of hydrogen ions in the urine, the more acidic it will be.


Normal acidity is a rather broad term that does not give a complete picture of the state of the body at the moment due to the influence of numerous factors.

There are generally accepted indicators, going beyond which is characterized as the presence of pathology. For urine, the pH will range from 5.0 to 7.0. Short-term fluctuations in acidity from 4.5 to 8.0 can be considered normal if they are short-term and there are no alarming symptoms such as polyuria, oliguria or pain when urinating.

Also, pH values ​​fluctuate depending on the time of day, degree of physical activity, individual characteristics of the body or diet. For example, in the morning the pH is 6-6.5, and in the evening the acidity rises to 7. In addition, the ratio of the liquid secreted to the liquid drunk is of great importance.

Optimal acidity levels in men may be higher than in women due to a higher percentage of muscle mass, as well as a dietary pattern that involves consuming more meat products. Be that as it may, the optimal generally accepted acidity value for adults is in the range from 6.3 to 6.5.

In women during breastfeeding, this figure can rise to 7.8. As a result of the high level of metabolism for newborn children, the acidity numbers will be completely different. The average baby has a urine pH level of 5.4 to 5.9 units, and for premature babies it is 4.8 to 5.4.

Reasons for changes in urine acidity

Most metabolic products are excreted from the body through the kidneys, so you need to understand that acidity is due to the influence of many factors.

By and large, acidity is a dynamic value that differs from person to person and even changes from one person to another depending on the food consumed, medications taken, lifestyle or time of day. A change in the pH of urinary sediment can occur towards acidification or towards alkalization.

Acidification

Urine acidification is a condition in which the pH becomes less than 5.0. This may occur due to a change in diet, with increased physical activity or with pathology of the urinary system.

There are a huge number of diseases that contribute to changes in the acidity of urine. Basically, the pH drops to 5 in diabetes. An acidic urine reaction occurs under the following conditions:

  • metabolic acidosis,
  • Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a significant change in the composition of urine, not only in terms of a decrease in acidity, but also in the form of an increase in the amount of glucose,
  • fever,
  • Gout is a common rheumatological disease, the characteristic symptom of which is the acidic environment of urine. The disease is caused by a violation of purine metabolism, as a result of which the body begins to accumulate a large number of uric acid,
  • eating low carbohydrate foods,
  • An increase in urine acidity may be caused by drugs that increase diuresis. This means that such medications can only be taken in short courses,
  • infectious diseases of the urinary system caused by Escherichia coli or mycobacteria,
  • chronic renal failure,
  • eating foods high in protein. In addition to meat, acid-increasing foods include white bread, fish and cheese,
  • sepsis,
  • treatment with ascorbic acid in a dosage of more than 2 g per day significantly increases the pH of urine and also increases the risk of developing urolithiasis,
  • pathologies of the digestive system.


When urine acidity is elevated for more than 10 days, this is an important laboratory indicator indicating a metabolic disorder or a decrease in the filtration function of the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys.

Also, a slight decrease in the pH level of urinary sediment occurs in newborns. Acidic urine in a newborn is completely physiological and should not cause concern to parents. As the child gets older, the acidity of the urine will level out.

Alkalinization

Alkalinization of urine is a condition in which the pH level becomes more than 7. Alkalinity in the urine can be detected with regular consumption of lactic acid or plant products, as well as with bacterial and metabolic diseases. The reasons for such deviations may be the following factors:

  • chronic bacterial urinary tract infection. Microbes are able to ferment nitrogen-containing compounds to ammonia, which leads to an increase in pH,
  • hyperkalemia,
  • insufficiency of adrenal hormones,
  • renal tubular acidosis,
  • metabolic and respiratory alkalosis,
  • passing bloody urine (hematuria),
  • increased levels of phosphate-containing compounds in the urine,
  • drinking large amounts of mineral water,
  • a diet containing large amounts of plant foods, black bread, milk,
  • inflammation of the walls of the urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis),
  • postoperative period.


In severe pathological processes, chronic renal failure often occurs, leading to alkalization of urine. This is caused by both congenital (primarily wrinkled kidney, pathology of the renal vessels) and acquired (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, diabetic kidney) causes.

Also, temporary alkalization of urine can be caused by intravenous administration of a solution of buffered soda. It is administered in emergency cases accompanied by significant acidification of the blood (sepsis, liver failure, ketoacidotic coma).

Clinically, an increase in pH levels is manifested by general weakness, diffuse headache, nausea and vomiting.

Methods for determining urine pH


Determining the level of acidity is not the main diagnostic method, but it may indicate the presence of a particular pathology.

It is necessary to take only fresh urine, because long-term storage changes its physicochemical properties, which gives distorted results of the diagnostic test. Determination of pH in urine analysis is carried out in several ways.

Laboratory analysis allows not only to take into account physical and chemical properties, but also to determine the presence of cellular elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes), proteins, crystals, cylinders, sugar and much more.

The analysis is deciphered by a laboratory doctor, and based on the results, additional research methods may be recommended, allowing, if necessary, to clarify the diagnosis. Laboratory tests are the most accurate, so if you suspect the presence of a disease, it is best to resort to them.

At the moment, you can purchase strips for determining acidity at any pharmacy. These are special indicator tests that take into account several indicators. Such strips greatly simplify the analysis and allow you to carry out the test at home.

You need to understand that a one-time test cannot be reliable for several reasons. Firstly, the results are affected by the products consumed.

For example, if a person’s normal pH is 6.0, then long-term protein diet reduces this indicator, so before the test it is recommended to avoid eating large amounts of meat. Secondly, tests can be inaccurate, so when you get a result, it is better to re-test.

Test results should only be interpreted by a doctor. Under no circumstances should you prescribe treatment yourself, otherwise this may aggravate the condition and lead to irreparable consequences. At the same time, for some patients, with the permission of the doctor, periodic measurement of urine acidity at home is sometimes recommended.

The self-diagnosis industry has stepped forward. Without leaving home, today you can determine not only the presence of pregnancy, but also gastritis, myocardial infarction, and conduct a general urine test.

Traditionally, the main materials for testing are blood and urine. And just as traditionally, many people believe that tests can be done once every five years, or even less often.

Meanwhile, thorough knowledge and monitoring of all the main processes occurring in the body, necessary condition maintaining human health. Of course, with these words, many can say that we don’t mind getting tested more often, but where can we find the time to first take the tests to the clinic, then come for them….

And you don’t need to “cut out” anything! After all, there have long been methods that allow you to “take tests” right at home. To do this you will need visual test strips.

For example, well-proven test strips of domestic production Biosensor.
The result of each test can be analyzed both visually and using the device. In visual analysis, the test area of ​​the reagent strip is compared with a reference on the bottle label.

In any case, accurate diagnosis and therapeutic recommendations should not be based on one finding or method alone. All effects of drugs or other metabolites on individual tests cannot be known in advance. Therefore, in doubtful cases, it is recommended to retest after eliminating potentially interfering substances such as medications, vitamins, etc.

A detailed description of the work of the kidneys and the composition of urine, as well as its main indicators, can be read in this article.

The kidneys are the main organ of excretion and osmoregulation. Their task is to remove unnecessary metabolic products and foreign substances from the body. Kidneys regulate chemical composition body fluids by removing substances that exceed the need, and also regulate the water content and pH in body fluids.

The kidneys are abundantly supplied with blood and homeostatically regulate the composition of the blood, thereby maintaining the necessary composition of tissue fluid. The kidneys adapt their activity to changes occurring in the body. In this case, only in the last two sections of the nephron does the functional activity change in order to regulate the composition of body fluids. The rest of the nephron is the same in all physiological conditions.

The product of kidney activity is urine, the volume and composition of which depends on the physiological state of the body. Each kidney contains about one million nephrons.

20% of the total cardiac blood output is filtered in the glomeruli. Each glomerulus contains renal capillaries, which are surrounded by Bowman's capsule.

The process of urine formation is complex and goes through several stages. Primary urine passes continuously through the tortuous renal canals. The cells that make up the canal walls do a tremendous amount of work. They actively absorb from the primary urine a large amount of water and substances that the body needs, after which they return to the blood flowing through the network of capillaries intertwining the renal tubules.

The work performed by the renal epithelium is very great; its cells absorb approximately 96% of the water contained in it from urine, and, therefore, the cells spend a large amount of energy on their work. Metabolism in cells occurs very quickly. The kidneys consume approximately 1/11 of all oxygen entering the body. The resulting urine flows through the tubes to the papillae and seeps through the holes located in them, and from there it flows down the ureters into the bladder and is discharged out.

Urine plays a huge role in diagnosing diseases. General analysis urine gives an idea of ​​the health and proper functioning of the kidneys, metabolic processes in organs, tissues and the entire body as a whole.

Every day, 45-65 dry substances are excreted in the urine, mainly urea and sodium chloride. The composition and amount of urine depends on nutrition, drinking, temperature environment, physical and emotional stress and other factors. Therefore, when taking tests, it is necessary to take these factors into account and be extremely careful when making a diagnosis.

Daily urine norms:

Men 1000-2000 ml

Women 1000-1600 ml

Children newborns 0-59 ml

Children from 1-5 years 600-900 ml

Children from 5-10 years old 700-1200 ml

Children from 10-14 years old 1000-1500 ml

A decrease in these indicators may be due to profuse sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or swelling. A severe decrease in diuresis - oliguria, occurs with fever, heart disease, liver failure, nephrosclerosis.

List of diseases and their symptoms:

Ischuria – retention of urine in the bladder

Nocturia – night urination

Enuresis - urinary incontinence

Dysuria – painful urination

Pollakiuria – frequent urination

Polyuria – increased daily urine output

Olakisuria – decreased frequency of urination

Fresh urine should be straw to amber yellow in color. During storage, urine darkens and oxidation of bilirubinoids occurs. The color of urine changes due to pathological processes in the body, as well as from certain foods (carrots, beets, blueberries) and while taking medications.

Urine with pathology:

Colorless - diabetes, dilution, alcohol and diuretics.

Greenish-yellow – high content of pus.

Milky white – diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, nephrosclerosis, etc.

Green, dirty blue, blue - taking methylene blue, jaundice, typhus, cholera.

Orange – fever, riboflavin, increased sweating, concentrated urine.

Red, pink – hematuria, when taking red streptocide, etc.

Dark yellow – excretion of bile pigments in the urine or obstructive jaundice.

Brown – bilirubinuria, porphyrinuria, rhubarb, alexandria leaf

Black-brown – melanosis, salol, naphthol, alkaptonuria

In a healthy person, freshly collected urine is completely transparent, because all components included in it are completely dissolved. If urine was collected earlier and was subject to storage, then bacterial proliferation of urea occurs with the formation of ammonia, and the urine also becomes alkaline, and, consequently, a precipitate of calcium and magnesium phosphates is obtained. The urine becomes cloudy and cloudy clouds form.

But if fresh urine is cloudy, this indicates the presence of blood cells, epithelial cells, salts and fat, as well as microorganisms.

Freshly collected urine has no unpleasant odor. An ammonia smell is most often observed with cystitis;

putrid – with gangrenous processes in the urinary tract;

fecal – with vesico-rectal fistula,

fruit – for diabetes (ketone bodies in urine).

Urine acquires a sharp, foul odor when eating garlic, horseradish, and asparagus.

It is imperative to take care of your health. This is especially easy to do in the comfort of your own home.

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