Social relations are of the following types. Social relations and social interactions

Social relations are relationships between social groups or their members.

Social relationships are divided into one-way and reciprocal. One-sided social relationships are characterized by the fact that their participants attach different meanings to them

For example, love on the part of an individual may be met with contempt or hatred on the part of the object of his love.

Types of social relations: industrial, economic, legal, moral, religious, political, aesthetic, interpersonal

Industrial relations are concentrated in a variety of professional and labor roles-functions of a person (for example, engineer or worker, manager or performer, etc.).

Economic relations are realized in the sphere of production, ownership and consumption, which is a market for material and spiritual products. Here a person plays two interrelated roles - seller and buyer. Economic relations can be planned-distributive and market.

Legal relations in society are secured by legislation. They establish the measure of individual freedom as a subject of production, economic, political and other social relations.

Moral relations are consolidated in appropriate rituals, traditions, customs and other forms of ethnocultural organization of people's lives. These forms contain the moral norm of behavior

Religious relations reflect the interaction of people, which develops under the influence of ideas about the place of man in the universal processes of life and death, etc. These relationships grow from a person’s need for self-knowledge and self-improvement, from the consciousness of the highest meaning of existence

Political relations are centered around the problem of power. The latter automatically leads to the dominance of those who possess it and the subordination of those who lack it.

Aesthetic relationships arise on the basis of the emotional and psychological attractiveness of people to each other and the aesthetic reflection of material objects in the external world. These relationships are characterized by great subjective variability.

Among interpersonal relationships, there are relationships of acquaintance, friendship, comradeship, friendship and relationships that turn into intimate-personal ones: love, marital, family.

18. Social group

Social a group, according to Merton, is a collection of people who interact with each other in a certain way, are aware of their belonging to a given group and are considered members of this group from the point of view of others.

Signs of a social group:

Membership awareness

Ways of interaction

Awareness of unity

KulI divided social groups into primary and secondary:

Family, peer group, because they provide the individual with the earliest and most complete experience of social unity

Formed from people between whom there are almost no emotional connections (determined by the achievement of certain goals)

Social groups are divided into real and quasi-groups, large and small, conditional, experimental and referential

Real groups- a community of people limited in size, united by real relationships or activities

Quasigroups characterized by randomness and spontaneity of formation, instability of relationships, and short-term interaction. As a rule, they exist for a short time, after which they either disintegrate or turn into a stable social group - a crowd (for example, fans) - a community of interests, an object of attention

Small group - a relatively small number of individuals directly interacting with each other and united by common goals, interests, and value orientations. Small groups can be formal or informal

Formal groups - the positions of group members are clearly reflected, interactions between group members are defined vertically - department at the university.

Informal the group arises and develops spontaneously, there are no positions, no statuses, no roles in it. There is no structure of power relations. Family, group of friends, peers

Big a group is a real, significant in size and complexly organized community of people involved in social activities and a system of corresponding relationships and interactions. University staff, enterprises, schools, firms. Group norms of behavior, etc.

Reference group - a group in which individuals are not really included, but with which they relate themselves as a standard and orient their behavior towards the norms and values ​​of this group.

Conditional group - a group united according to certain characteristics (gender, age, level of education, profession) - they are created by sociologists to conduct sociological analysis (students of Altai).

Variety conditional group is experimental, which is created to conduct socio-psychological experiments.

Public relations management includes:

1. Development of internal and external information policy;

2. Development of a set of measures that establish contacts between the authorities and the public;

3. Activities aimed at managing crisis situations;

4. Activities aimed at managing the organization’s sphere of influence;

5. Formation of image.

Social relations are the diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of their economic, social, political, cultural life and activity. Individual people enter into social relations precisely as members (representatives) of certain social communities and groups. Social relations are in dialectical interaction with personal relationships of people, i.e. with their relationships as specific individuals connected by direct contacts in which the psychological, moral and cultural characteristics of people, their likes and dislikes and other personal factors are significant.

Social relations of various social groups, communities, organizations, and collectives are determined, firstly, by their place in a historically defined system of production relations and, secondly, by specific relationships with other social groups and, above all, by their connections with the main classes of a given society.

Social relations are relationships formed on the basis of stable vertical and horizontal connections and dependencies of people in the social structure of society and between them in the processes of joint actions and the fulfillment of status-role assignments.

Social relations can be divided into two large groups: material relations and spiritual relations. Material relations arise and develop directly in the course of human practical activity and are consolidated in the material forms of material culture (creation, distribution, consumption of material values). Spiritual relationships are associated with ideal values: moral, artistic, philosophical, religious.

Most often, public relations are divided into spheres of public life. In any society - regardless of language, dominant religion, history, economic orientation - there are four types of activity that must be reproduced in order to preserve and continue it. They form the basis for the formation of four main spheres of public life and, accordingly, four types of social relations. Thus, they highlight

· economic relations (relations in the process of material production);

· social relations(system-forming relations between subjects of social life);

· political relations (regarding the functioning of power in society);

· spiritual - intellectual relations (regarding moral, religious, aesthetic values).

Social relations are influenced by the regulatory activities of man and society as a whole. At the same time, the position and well-being of each person, as well as the direction and pace of social development, depend on the nature of the relationships established in a given society. Economic, social, political and spiritual relations of people in every historically defined society exist objectively, largely independent of the wishes of an individual. But the system of social relations develops only on the basis of the creative efforts of many people, whose practical activities give rise to new social relations.

The following types of social relations are distinguished:

1) fair and unfair.

2) voluntary and forced.

3) cooperation and confrontation.

4) long-term and short-term.

5) By spheres of life:

Table 1. Types of social relations by spheres of life.

		participants	reasons for the occurrence
1) economic	economic	employees, owners, entrepreneurs, authorities	regarding production, distribution, exchange, consumption
2) political	political	authorities, parties, public organizations	regarding the state structure, form of government, political regime
3) legal	legal	authorities, organizations, legal entities and individuals	regarding rights, freedoms, duties and responsibilities
4) environmental	environmental	producers, consumers, public organizations	regarding the protection of facilities, quality of life
5) business	business life	management bodies, employees, partners	regarding the organization of management, administration, business operations
6) spiritual	spiritual	subjects of spiritual production	about ideas, faith, science, art, culture
7) social	social	bearers of social status	regarding socialization, polarization of society, social authorities

When entering into public relations, people and organizations, relying on the collective interests of citizens, form a collective point of view, a collective public opinion. Public opinion- this is a dynamic state of mass consciousness, reflecting the attitude of society towards various events, objects, personalities in a specific historical period.

The most important aspects of forming public opinion are:

1) opinion, to a greater extent than words, is determined by events.

2) the degree of influence of an event depends on its importance and specificity.

3) the essence of the event must be extremely clear.

4) public opinion can be formed in conditions of information deficiency.

5) a leader is always needed to form public opinion.

6) people are less resistant to making important management decisions if they feel that they are taking some part in this process.

7) it is easier for people to form an opinion regarding a goal than regarding methods for achieving this goal.

8) the principle of stages in the formation of public opinion should be used.

9) people are more favorable to ideas that are accompanied by a plan of concrete action.

10) the principle of reciprocity applies in the formation of public opinion.

11) a campaign that spends too much money on it can cause mistrust and suspicion.

12) repeating a message up to 3-4 times increases attention to it, but very frequent repetitions reduce attention to the event.

13) unusual messages are remembered better.

14) the opinions of citizens on a specific issue depend on how this issue was presented to them, and on the circumstances in which they found themselves at that time.

15) citizens will support an idea that can affect their future.

16) citizens tend to approve of ideas that come from a familiar and reliable source.

Managing public opinion can influence public relations and guarantee the achievement of a specific goal, while it is very important to think about how and how best to influence the public in order to achieve exactly the result that is the goal of influencing public opinion.

Public opinion is one of the phenomena that is very difficult to comprehensively analyze and strictly define. In Russian literature alone, one can find about two dozen definitions of the concept “public opinion.” If we try to summarize them, we can say the following: the public opinion of a social community is a specific way of manifestation of the social state of consciousness of this community, which indirectly and generally reflects the attitude of the majority of its members to facts, events, phenomena in objective or subjective reality that aroused their interest and discussion, and which is embodied in value judgments or practical actions of members of a given community.

The importance of the state forming a certain public opinion has the following explanation:

Firstly, as a unique phenomenon of spiritual life, public opinion is directly related to the material carrier, which determines the real strength of this opinion, its features and properties. At the same time, the wider strata of society act as bearers of public opinion, the greater social authority and effectiveness it has, the more it forces itself to be considered.

Secondly, in each specific case, public opinion is rooted in certain needs and interests of people, declaring by the very fact of its existence the importance of taking them into account and satisfying them.

Thirdly, public opinion as a socio-psychological phenomenon is an active stimulator of social actions and actions of the masses, capable of giving them wide scope and stability over various, often quite long periods of time.

Fourthly, the ever-expanding practice of actual, informal elections of governing bodies, economic managers of all ranks, willingly or unwillingly, forces even those who do not yet fully understand the importance of studying and taking public opinion into account in everyday practical work to keep their finger on the pulse of public opinion.

Public opinion is a specific manifestation of public consciousness, expressed in assessments (both verbal and writing) and characterizing the explicit (or hidden) attitude of large social groups (primarily the majority of the people) to pressing problems of reality that are of public interest.

The above definitions of the concept of public opinion together form a picture that most fully reflects the essence of this phenomenon. Summarizing them, we can conclude that public opinion is a specific way of manifesting the state of social consciousness, which indirectly or generally reflects the attitude of the majority of its members to facts, events, phenomena, and is also expressed in assessments of these facts, events and phenomena.

The functions of public opinion vary depending on the nature of the interaction between the opinions of certain social institutions and individuals, primarily on the nature of the influence of the former on the latter, on the content of the expressed opinion, on its form. Public opinion is characterized by the following functions: expressive (in a narrower sense, control), advisory, directive.

1. The expressive function is the broadest in its meaning. Public opinion always takes a certain position in relation to any facts and events in the life of society, the actions of various institutions, and state leaders. This feature gives this phenomenon the character of a force standing above the institutions of power, evaluating and controlling the activities of institutions and leaders of parties and the state.

Thus, the objective content of public opinion puts state institutions and their leaders in a controlled position. Possessing only one moral authority, public opinion is very effective in its results. This effect will certainly be greater if it is supported by various forms of control from the outside. broad masses population.

2. Advisory function - public opinion gives advice on ways to resolve certain social, economic, political, ideological, and interstate problems. This opinion will be fair, if, of course, government institutions are interested in such advice. Listening to this advice, political leaders, groups, clans are forced to adjust decisions and management methods.

3. The directive function of public opinion is manifested in the fact that the public makes decisions on certain problems social life, having an imperative nature, for example, the expression of the will of the people during elections and referendums. In these cases, the people not only give a mandate of trust to this or that leader, but also express their opinion. Imperative statements occupy a very significant place in politics.

Depending on the content of judgments formed by the public, opinions can be evaluative, analytical, constructive and regulatory.

An evaluative opinion expresses an attitude towards certain problems or facts. There are more emotions in it than analytical conclusions and conclusions.

Analytical and constructive public opinion are closely related: making any decision requires a deep and comprehensive analysis, which requires elements of theoretical thinking, and sometimes hard work of thought. But in their content, analytical and constructive opinions do not coincide.

The meaning of regulatory public opinion is that it develops and implements certain norms of social relations and operates with a whole set of norms, principles, traditions, customs, morals, etc. not written by law. Usually it implements the code of rules that is enshrined in the moral consciousness of people, groups, and collectives. Public opinion can also appear in the form of positive or negative judgments.

Social relations are relationships that arise between people in the process of their life. In essence, this is the entire aggregate activity of people, forms of interaction between them. In a more specific sense, we can say that social relations are the diverse connections that arise between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them in the process of their economic, social, political, cultural life and activity. Individual people enter into social relations precisely as members or representatives of certain social communities or groups.

The structure of social relations can be viewed from different points of view. In accordance with the Marxist concept, all social relations are divided into material and spiritual. Material relations are interpreted as basic, arising without the direct participation of consciousness. Their character is determined by the productive forces of society. Spiritual relationships are understood as derived from material relationships. They belong to the superstructural, arise and function, passing through the consciousness of people. Spiritual relations include political, legal, moral, etc. From the point of view of the main types of practice, the structure of social relations will be represented by two types of relations. Firstly, this is the relationship “people - nature” (production practice, man’s transformation of nature). Secondly, this is the “person-person” relationship (socio-historical practice). The structure of social relations can also be considered from the point of view of subjects of public life. In this case, the relationships that arise between classes, socio-ethnic communities, confessions, social and age groups, individuals, etc. can be highlighted.

3. Norms governing social relations

In every society there are norms that regulate social relations - social norms. Social norms are patterns, standards of activity, rules of behavior, the fulfillment of which is expected from a member of society or a social group and is supported by sanctions.

There are many types of social norms. The main ones are customs, traditions, legal and moral norms.

Customs are rules of social behavior that are passed down from generation to generation, reproduced in a particular society or social group, and become part of the habits, everyday life and consciousness of their members.

Traditions are elements of social and cultural heritage that are preserved in certain societies, social groups for a long time, the process of social inheritance, its methods.

Legal norms are generally binding rules of conduct established by the state and by law. They, as a rule, indicate the conditions for their implementation, the subjects of regulated relations, their mutual rights and obligations, as well as sanctions in case of their violation.

Moral norms are requirements for certain behavior based on socially accepted ideas about good and evil, proper and impermissible. They rely solely on public support.

Various authors propose to identify as independent other norms that regulate social relations: political, religious, aesthetic, etc. Social norms can develop spontaneously or be created consciously, consolidated and expressed orally or in writing. Despite the great differences among themselves, social norms have a number of common features: they are the rules of behavior of people in society, they are general character, i.e. addressed to everyone and everyone.

Social interaction is a system of interdependent social actions in which the actions of one subject are simultaneously the cause and consequence of the response actions of other subjects.
There is a special term adopted in sociology that denotes social interaction - interaction.

Not everything we do when interacting with other people can be classified as social interaction. For example, if a car hits a passerby, then this is a traffic accident. It becomes a social interaction when the driver and pedestrian, dealing with the incident, each defend their interests as representatives of two large social groups. In this case, “driver” and “pedestrian” are social statuses. Each of them has their own range of rights and responsibilities. In fulfilling their roles, the driver and pedestrian do not establish personal relationships based on sympathy or antipathy, but enter into social relationships and behave as holders of social statuses that are defined by society. The content of their conversation is social symbols and meanings (in this case, traffic rules).

Classifications of social interactions

Social interactions are classified in different ways. Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin divided social interactions as follows:

• by the number of subjects of interaction: interaction of two individuals, interaction of one individual with many, interaction of many individuals with many;
• by duration: short-term and long-term interactions;
• by nature: unilateral and multilateral interactions;
• by organization: organized and unorganized interactions;
• by consciousness: spontaneous and conscious interactions;
• according to the “matter” of exchange: intellectual, sensory-emotional and volitional interactions.

Social interactions can also be direct (developed during interpersonal communication) and indirect (as a result of the joint participation of people in complex systems).

Types of Social Interactions

There are two main types of social interaction:

• cooperation;
• rivalry.

Cooperation is built on the basis of mutual assistance and presupposes the presence of common goals and interests. The main form of cooperation is cooperation. In cooperation, there is an exchange of intellectual, material, managerial and other types of services.

Rivalry- a type of social interaction that presupposes the presence of a single indivisible object of claims of the subjects of interaction and is characterized by the desire to get ahead of or subjugate an opponent.

There are two types of rivalry:

• competition(subjects of interaction only try to get ahead of each other);
• conflict(direct collision of warring parties).

Sociology does not make specific value judgments regarding types of social interaction. Thus, conflict is considered by some sociologists as a source of development of social interactions.

Interaction between personality and social environment

Social interactions represent relationships between social groups. In the process of life, people are not in the same position; they move in certain directions and at different speeds in public space, pursuing certain goals in life. Over a certain period of time, people can both climb the social ladder and go down. Climbing the social ladder, a person achieves success in the workplace and in society, and discovers new values ​​for himself. When studying society and its social structure, the main place is given to the person. Man is the main element of the social structure, without which neither social relations nor social interactions are possible in society. Thus, a person acts in society as an object and subject of social relations.

The relationship between the individual and the social environment can be represented as a formula: search (of the individual) - proposals (of society) - choice (the individual chooses from what is offered by society).

Social interaction has a subjective and an objective side.

Towards the objective side These include connections that do not depend on individuals and are indirect and controlling in nature of their interaction.

The conscious attitude of people towards each other, based on the mutual expectation of certain behavior, is subjective side. The subjective side includes interpersonal (or socio-psychological) relationships, which represent direct connections between people that develop under certain conditions.

TO mechanism of social interaction relate:

• individuals performing various actions;
• ongoing changes in the external world that are caused by these actions;
• the impact of these changes on other people;
• backlash to ongoing changes.

Social relations

Social interaction consists of individual acts called social actions, and includes statuses (range of rights and responsibilities), roles, social relationships, symbols and meanings.

In turn, social relations are a stable system of interactions, which presupposes the presence of mutual obligations on the part of partners.

There are basic characteristics of social relations:

• duration;
• systematic;
• self-renewal.

Social relations have a wide range of value orientations and are distinguished by their diversity of connections. On the basis of social relations, various social communities of people arise.

Social relations include various systems and subsystems. They can be economic, political, legal, professional, family-related, national-ethnic, religious, sociocultural, etc.

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Definitions

This phrase has various definitions, some are presented below:

• Social relations are a set of socially significant connections between members of society.
• Social relations (social relations) - the relations of people to each other, consist of historically defined social forms, in specific conditions of place and time.
• Social relations (social relations) - relations between social subjects regarding their equality and social justice in the distribution of life's goods, conditions for the formation and development of personality, satisfaction of material, social and spiritual needs.
• Social relations are those relationships that are established between in large groups of people. Beyond the sphere of manifestation, social relations can be divided into: economic, political, spiritual, social.

Story

Social relations manifest themselves only in certain types of interactions between people, namely social ones, during which these people embody their social statuses and roles in life, and the statuses and roles themselves have fairly clear boundaries and very strict regulations. Social relations give mutual certainty to social positions and statuses. For example, the relationship in trade between the main factors is the mutual determination of the seller and the buyer in the process of carrying out a transaction (purchase and sale).

Thus, social relations are closely related to social interactions, although these are not identical concepts that mean the same thing. On the one hand, social relations are realized in the social practices (interactions) of people, on the other hand, a social attitude is a prerequisite for social practices - a stable, normatively fixed social form through which the implementation of social interactions becomes possible. Social relations have a decisive impact on individuals - they direct and shape, suppress or stimulate the practices and expectations of people. At the same time, social relations are “yesterday’s” social interactions, a “frozen” social form of living human activity.

The peculiarity of social relations is that by their nature they are not object-object, like relations between objects in nature, and not subject-subject, like interpersonal relationships - when a person interacts with another integral person, but subject-object, when interaction occurs only with a socially alienated form of his subjectivity (social self) and he himself is represented in them as a partial and incomplete socially active subject (social agent). Social relations in their “pure form” do not exist. They are embodied in social practices and are always mediated by objects - social forms(things, ideas, social phenomena, processes).
Social relations can arise between people who are not in direct contact and may not even know about each other’s existence, and interactions between them will be carried out through a system of institutions and organizations, but not due to a subjective sense of obligation or intention to maintain these relationships.
Social relations- this is a system of diverse stable interdependencies that arise between individuals, their groups, organizations and communities, as well as within the latter in the process of their economic, political, cultural, etc. activities and the implementation of their social statuses and social roles.

It can be argued that social relations arise:

• as the relationship of a person with society, society with a person;
• between individuals as representatives of society;
• between elements, components, subsystems within society;
• between different societies;
• between individuals as representatives of various social groups, social communities and social organizations, as well as between individuals with and within each of them.

Definition problems

Despite the fact that the term "social relations" is widely used, scholars have not reached a common conclusion regarding their definition. There are definitions of social relations through the specification of between whom and about what they arise:

• Public relations(social relations) - the relationships of people to each other, developing in historically defined social forms, in specific conditions of place and time.

• Public relations(social relations) - relations between social subjects regarding their social equality and social justice in the distribution of life's goods, conditions for the formation and development of personality, satisfaction of material, social and spiritual needs.

However, in any case, they are understood as stable forms of organization of social life. To characterize social life, the term “societal” is often used, which characterizes society as a whole, the entire system of social relations.

Social relations are a set of individual subject-subject and subject-object relations normatively regulated by morals, customs and laws, developing under the influence of a) the mutual struggle of individuals for objects of property, b) joint life activity in a common territory, c) a genetic program for the reproduction of life and d ) cooperation with each other on the terms of the social division of labor in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of the total social product. See: Bobrov V.V., Chernenko A.K. Legal technology. - Novosibirsk: Publishing House SB RAS, 2014. - p. 157.